Effects of anthropogenic activities on quality of water in selected shores of lake Victoria, Uganda.

Abstract

Background: Lake Victoria is the second largest freshwater body in the world. The lake has environmentally undergone physical, chemical, and biological changes in the last four decades, particularly a rise in its trophic condition and a decline in oxygen level, which affects the water quality and fish population dynamics. The research investigated the impact of anthropogenic activities on water quality in selected areas around Lake Victoria, Uganda. Methodology: The study area included Wagagai, Nakiwogo, Kasenyi, and Kigungu. A mixed- method research design was employed, combining quantitative and experimental approaches. Water samples were collected from various sites around Lake Victoria, and laboratory tests were conducted to analyze temperature, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, heavy metals, and biological parameters. Additionally, a questionnaire was administered to assess the community's concerns about water pollution. The study population comprised residents living in the selected areas, and the sample size was determined using the Cochran Formula. The collected data were processed and analyzed using SPSS, presenting results in frequency tables and charts. Results: The findings revealed that a significant proportion of respondents were aged above 30 years, and males constituted most of the participants. Concerns about water pollution were primarily moderate, with most respondents perceiving the water quality as very low. Moreover, many respondents agreed that the color and odor of the water had changed, and solid wastes/particles were present in the water. The major anthropogenic activities identified were fishing, transportation, small businesses, urbanization, and industrialization. The study's results supported previous literature, indicating the existence of pollution in Lake Victoria due to anthropogenic activities. The laboratory analysis confirmed the presence of pollutants and identified various harmful microbes in the water. Limitations of the study included potential misunderstandings with the local community due to language barriers, financial constraints, and restricted access to certain areas. Conclusion: The study provides essential insights into anthropogenic activities' adverse effects on Lake Victoria's water quality. The findings underscore the urgency of adopting sustainable water management practices to conserve the ecosystem and ensure the well-being of communities relying on this critical freshwater resource. The recommendations include enhancing monitoring, community engagement, and implementing regulations to address pollution effectively. Regional cooperation is crucial to tackle transboundary water pollution issues collectively